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An Option ROM typically consists of PCfirmware that is called by the BIOS. For example, an adapter card that controls a boot device might contain firmware that is used to connect the device to the system once the Option ROM is loaded.
- 1IBM PC and compatibles
IBM PC and compatibles[edit]
A common option ROM is the video BIOS found on IBM PC compatible video cards. This is a special case of an option ROM, as it is loaded very early on in the boot process so that output from the power-on self-test (POST) can be displayed. The video BIOS is almost always located in the C000memory segment, the start of the memory area reserved for option ROMs. Other ROMs can be located from segments C800 all the way up to F400 in early PCs.[1] The final search address was eventually limited to E000[2] in later products. The BIOS Boot Specification (BBS) requires that option ROMs be aligned to 2kB boundaries (e.g. segments C800, C880, C900, C980, etc.). The first two bytes of the ROM must be 55 AA.[3]
After the basic POST checks are complete, the option ROMs are normally initialized. This gives them the chance to hook (intercept) system interrupts, in order to provide increased functionality to the system.
SCSI[edit]
For example, a SCSI controller card may hook INT 13 which is responsible for providing disk services. The Bios Boot Specification stipulates that the hook is typically performed in the Boot Connection Vector (BCV), which is code pointed to by the PnP header of the Option ROM. Once it has done this, any subsequent calls to INT 13h will be 'caught' by the SCSI option ROM (or 'SCSI BIOS'), allowing it to insert details about any disks that may exist on the SCSI bus. Before it had hooked the interrupt there may have been no disks on the system, but by intercepting the interrupt and altering the values returned, the SCSI BIOS can make all the disks on the SCSI bus visible to the system.
In this particular case, the BIOS itself may call INT 13h to provide a list of possible boot devices to the user, and because the SCSI BIOS has hooked the interrupt the user will be able to choose not only which standard system devices to boot from, but also which SCSI disks as well. This is because, as suggested in Appendix D of the Boot BIOS Specification, the BIOS could populate the IPL table with device and vendor information from INT 13h calls to the different disks, paired with the Hard Disk Number (80h, 81h ...), to allow any Hard Disk Device to be booted from, rather than just the first disk of the first controller to hook INT 13h be bootable, referred to as a BIOS Aware IPL Device (BAID) in the specification.
Multiple controllers can hook INT 13h at once. For instance, after the SCSI controller, an AHCI controller can also hook INT 13h by putting a call to the previous handler, which was stored in the IDT at entry 13h by the SCSI controller, at the end of its own handler, which it then puts in the IDT at entry 13h. If INT 13h is called with DL = 83h, then the controller that assigned a disk range containing 83h will respond, otherwise it will skip and call the previous handler. The first controller to hook INT 13h will see that 0 disks have been installed by checking the byte at 0040:0075h, which resides in the BIOS Data Area (BDA), and if it has 4 disks to enumerate, it will assign the range 80h–83h and store '4' in the BDA.
Network boot ROM[edit]
Another common option ROM is a network boot ROM. This option ROM contains the program required to download the boot code. Network booting ROMs generally work differently than in the SCSI example, as they do not provide any new devices to the system. The original IBM Personal Computer ROMs hooked INT 18H (originally to invoke Cassette BASIC) and INT 19H, as these two interrupts were designated when the boot process is about to begin. INT 19H is called to initiate the boot process, while INT 18H is called when the system tries to boot from all possible devices and none were bootable. Originally, by hooking INT 18H, the system would invoke Cassette BASIC (if present) or try to boot from the network when all other boot devices (floppy drives, hard drives, etc.) had failed. By hooking INT 19H, the system would attempt to boot from the network before any other devices.
BIOS boot specification[edit]
Since these two methods do not offer a large amount of control over the boot process, the BIOS Boot Specification (BBS) was developed. This provided a more standardized approach where an option ROM could be initialized at the start of the boot process, it could inform the BIOS about its functionality, and then it could be called later on in the boot process depending on the order the user had selected.
UEFI Option ROMs[edit]
UEFI BIOS can use legacy option ROMs when a Compatibility Support Module (CSM) is enabled.[4]
In UEFI-only environment (i.e. when CSM is disabled), option ROMs have a different format: a processor-independent EFI Byte Code.[5]
See also[edit]
- PXE Preboot eXecution Environment
References[edit]
- ^IBM PC XT Technical Reference
- ^Personal System/2 and Personal Computer BIOS Interface Technical Reference
- ^The execution environment of Etherboot
- ^'UEFI Validation Option ROM Guidance'. Microsoft. May 2, 2017.
- ^Max Lee (October 12, 2010). 'UEFI Option ROMs and plug-ins'(PDF). Phoenix Technologies.
Introduction
The intent of this document is to address the manufacturing issue related to the Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) Option ROM settings as seen on some Cisco C220 M4 and C240 M4 servers. A number of the C-Series servers have shipped to customers with the incorrect PCIe Option ROM settings, preventing them from booting to many PCIe based devices (Including but not limited to RAID Controller / Serial-Attached SCSI (SAS) Host Bus Adapter (HBA), Modular LAN on Motherboard (MLOM) or other networking cards or HBAs. The instructions below will assist you in resolveing customers impacted by this.
Pci Option Rom
Potentially Impacted Systems (~11000 servers):
C220 M4: Systems shipped between Feb 14th and Mar 28th
C240 M4: Systems shipped between Feb 14th and Mar 28th
Customer Visibility/Impact:
Customers are unable to boot from any PCIe Slot based device, as the 'All PCIe Slots OptionROM' flag has been disabled. Customers will need to toggle this BIOS token, and can do so using any of the workaround methods mentioned below.
Work-Around Options:
Work-Around #1 (Recommended):
Log in to the IMC, and navigate to the Summary / BIOS / Configure BIOS / Advanced Tab as shown below.
Set the “All PCIe Slots OptionROM” flag to “enabled”. Save changes and REBOOT the host.
Work-Around #2:
Connect crash cart / launch vKNM to the system. Power the system on and use the F2 menu to set the “All PCIe Slots OptionROM” flag to ENABLED.
- Navigate to the Advanced LOM and PCIe Slots Configuration tab, and press ENTER
- Scroll down and set the 'All PCIe Slots OptionROM' to ENABLED
- Save changes by pressing F10 and reboot the server.
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Work-Around #3:
NOTE: This work-around assumes that the Cisco IMC is online and the IP is known. This script also uses default IMC credentials of admin/password, so if these have been changed users will need to modify the $pass field as required.
This solution is for customers who used DHCP to IP the IMC(s). Use XML API to log into one or more system and set the “all PCIe Slots OptionROM” flag correctly. A sample script has been provided below:
Step 1: Download IMC PowerTool module from the following page:
Save & Run the following file as a <filename>.ps1 file:
Import-Module CiscoUcsPs
$multiimc = Set-UcsPowerToolConfiguration -SupportMultipleDefaultUcs $true
# The tool will prompt user to enter IP’s when run
$imclist = Read-Host 'Enter Cisco IMC IP or list of IMC IPs separated by commas'
[array]$imclist = ($imclist.split(',')).trim()
$user = 'admin'
Load Legacy Option Rom
# The default password is on the next line (update as needed)
$pass = ConvertTo-SecureString –String 'password' –AsPlainText -Force
$cred = New-Object –TypeName System.Management.Automation.PSCredential –ArgumentList $user, $pass
$out = Connect-Imc -Credential $cred $imclist
Set-ImcRackUnit -RackUnit 1 -AdminPower soft-shut-down -Force
Get-ImcBiosSettings | Get-ImcBiosVfPCIOptionROMs | Set-ImcBiosVfPCIOptionROMs -VpPCIOptionROMs 'Enabled' -Force
sleep 25
Set-ImcRackUnit -RackUnit 1 -AdminPower up -Force
$out = Disconnect-Imc
Work-Around #4 (Live Linux USB with UCScfg):
This work-around involves creating a live bootable USB, that includes the tools necessary to correct the OptionROM settings. This requires a blank USB that is at least 4GB in size. Note: the steps below were performed on Windows 7.
Slot Machine Roms
- Download the live .iso image here: Live CD
- Download Universal USB Installer here: http://www.pendrivelinux.com/universal-usb-installer-easy-as-1-2-3/
- Launch UUI, and select CentOS as the desired Linux Distribution
- Point UUI to the .iso downloaded in step 1.
- Select desired USB drive to install to, and then click “Create”. Wait for the process to complete, then USB is ready to use.
6. Plug in USB to affected server and select it as the desired boot device.
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Note: The USB loaded with the above image will boot to CentOS, and then launch a series of UCScfg commands. This particular .iso corrects the optionROM settings AND sets the MLOM Port 0 as the first boot device. After the configuration changes complete, the server will power off. Changes will be reflected at next power on. UCScfg can be used to customize BIOS/IMC settings as desired, and the process shown above is just an example, and will correct the issues mentioned in this article only.